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离婚诉讼中夫妻虚构共同债务探究/黄建平

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-09 14:38:59  浏览:9850   来源:法律资料网
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  所谓虚构夫妻共同债务,是指夫妻共同债务并不实际存在,而夫妻中一方通过与亲友串通制造假证、伪证,虚构有共同债务的事实,请求判令夫妻双方共同承担债务,或请求在己方承担债务的情况下分得更多的共同财产,以达到多占有财产的目的。

  一、虚构夫妻共同债务的原因

  (一)利益驱动与诚信缺失所致

  我国《婚姻法》第41条是处理夫妻共同债务的法律依据,该条规定:“离婚时,原为夫妻共同生活所负的债务,应当共同偿还。共同财产不足清偿的,或财产归各自所有的,由双方协议清偿;协议不成时,由人民法院判决。”按照该条的文义,我们可以得出以下结论:(1)审理离婚案件时,应对夫妻共同债务进行处理;(2)离婚时应以夫妻共同财产清偿夫妻共同债务;(3)夫妻共同财产不足清偿夫妻共同债务时,由双方协商,协商不成则由法院判决清偿。

  司法实务在处理夫妻共同债务方面,一般的做法是:对能够认定的债务由双方协商承担,协商不成由法院判决双方承担相应的份额。这样处理只是将夫妻双方对共同债务的承担的份额定量化,并不实际现时清偿债务。这种做法相对于《婚姻法》41条本身的含义显然是一种变通的做法,因为法院仅判决了双方对债务承担的份额,并没有对给付行为、给付期限作出判决,实际并未要求双方“清偿”债务。但即使如此,因债务的承担而对财产分割产生的影响,也足以使离婚案件当事人觊觎。因为,如果能够使法院确认己方所虚构的存在共同债务的事实,法院就会判令夫妻双方共同承担“债务”,或者判令在己方承担债务的情况下分得更多的共同财产,不论哪种结果都意味着自己可以达到多占有财产的目的。

  (二)当事人复杂心理因素所致

  无疑,利益驱动是当事人虚构夫妻共同债务显而易见的原因。但同时,由于家庭生活的私密性、夫妻感情的复杂性,更多的时候,在看似利益之争的背后实际纠缠着离婚案件当事人之间多年的感情纠葛形成恩怨,在无法通过法律或周围环境对己方的支持,使得自认为受到的压抑和委屈得到补偿和宣泄的情况下,虚构债务,在经济上使对方受损而使己方获利,在当事人看来不仅不应受到谴责,反而具有正当性。因为对于离婚原因等问题认识的同一性,这种心理同样适用于帮助当事人虚构债务的亲友。

  (三)对虚构夫妻共同债务行为难以制裁所致

  虚构夫妻共同债务的当事人及其亲友的行为属于妨害民事诉讼的行为,依照我国《民事诉讼法》第102条的规定,可以根据情节轻重予以罚款、拘留,直至追究刑事责任。我国《婚姻法》47条也明确规定:“离婚时,一方隐藏、转移、变卖、毁损夫妻共同财产,或伪造债务企图侵占另一方财产的,分割夫妻共同财产时……,可以少分或不分。离婚后,另一方发现有上述行为的,可以向人民法院提起诉讼,请求再次分割夫妻共同财产。”

  但实际上,还是由于家庭生活的隐秘性,法院即使对一方提出的夫妻共同债务不予确认,由于取证困难,也难以作出该方是虚构债务的结论,也就无法应用《民事诉讼法》、《婚姻法》的相关规定给予制裁。

  二、司法实践的一般做法及困扰

  司法实践中,出于追求司法公正、维护法律权威的考虑,法官对于离婚案件一方当事人提出的己方亲友为债权人的所谓夫妻共同债务的认定往往采取审慎的态度。如果没有记载款项进出的银行帐户、存折等强有力的证据佐证,即使该方出具有自己签字而由亲友保存的借据并有其亲友出庭作证,法院在判决中也经常以“证据不足,不予采信”作为对该项主张的答复。法官如此处理的考量无疑有其合理性,因为如果在与客观事实不符的情况下认定了夫妻共同债务,势必使另一方的合法权益受损,更助长了虚构债务这一不法行为的蔓延。

  但是,法官仅仅出于怀疑和推测而对此类债务不做认定似乎在法律适用上也有所欠缺。《婚姻法解释(二)》第24条规定“债权人就婚姻关系存续期间夫妻一方以个人名义所欠债务主张权利的,应当按夫妻共同债务处理。但夫妻一方能够证明债权人与债务人明确约定为个人债务,或者能够证明属于婚姻法第十九条第三款规定情形的除外。”依照此规定结合《民事诉讼法》及证据规则,一方出具有自己签字而由亲友保存的借据并有其亲友出庭作证,法院却仍以证据不足为由,不采信存在夫妻共同债务的主张,又有加重该方举证责任的嫌疑。

  三、处理建议

  在离婚诉讼中,对于双方当事人共同认可的共同债务,应当予以认定,并以判决或调解的方式明确双方应承担的份额。而对于未经夫妻双方共同认可的债务应一律不予处理。

  因为我国《婚姻法》及相关司法解释中关于夫妻共同债务的规定,其本意在于优先保障债权人的利益实现并明确夫妻离婚后的还债义务,保护交易安全、促进财产流转。在夫妻双方对共同债务共同认可的情况下,对债务及其在夫妻间的分担以判决书或调解书的形式予以确定,应该还具有保全证据的意义。它可以有效防止双方离婚后,由于个人经济条件等因素的变化,对本无争议的事实以不诚信的态度予以否认、混淆,影响司法机关对债权债务关系及其性质的认定,进而使债权人的利益无法保障。

  但是,当夫妻双方在离婚诉讼中对夫妻共同债务的有无产生争执时,法院再花费大量的时间和资源,去审查债务的真实性及数额的确定性,并对债务如何在夫妻之间承担予以确定,却得不偿失。因为,如前所述,夫妻生活具有隐秘性,是否确有负债、负债原因为何、负债所得财产是否用于夫妻共同生活,难以掌握到法律上足以确信的全面、有效的证据。此时对债务的真实性及分担份额进行判决,就有可能掉入当事人设下的虚构夫妻共同债务的陷阱,而对债务的不当处理也会引起再审程序的启动,这种现象的出现比例即使不高,也足以影响司法的权威。如此,则不如对未经夫妻双方共同认可的债务应一律不予处理,这样做既有理论依据,也符合现实情况,是一种针对虚构夫妻共同债务现象的有效对策。

  (作者单位:江西省新建县人民法院)
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中华人民共和国出口货物原产地规则(附英文)(已废止)

对外贸易经济合作部


中华人民共和国出口货物原产地规则(附英文)
1992年5月1日,对外经济贸易部

第一条 为了加强对出口货物原产地工作的管理,促进对外经济贸易的发展,制定本规则。
第二条 中华人民共和国出口货物原产地证明书(以下简称原产地证)是证明有关出口货物原产地为中华人民共和国的证明文件。#13第三条 国家对外经济贸易主管部门对全国出口货物原产地工作实施统一监督管理。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外经济贸易主管部门负责协调本行政区域内的出口货物原产地工作。
第四条 国家进出口商品检验部门设在地方的进出口商品检验机构、中国国际贸易促进委员会及其分会以及国家对外经济贸易主管部门指定的其他机构,按照国家对外经济贸易主管部门的规定签发原产地证。
第五条 在中华人民共和国境内依法设立,享有对外贸易经营权的企业,从事“来料加工”、“来样加工”、“来件装配”和“补偿贸易”业务的企业,外商投资企业,可以根据需要向本规则第四条规定的签发机构申请领取原产地证。
第六条 符合下列标准之一的出口货物,其原产地为中华人民共和国:
(一)全部在中华人民共和国境内生产或者制造的产品,包括:
1、从中华人民共和国领土和大陆架提取的矿产品;
2、在中华人民共和国境内收获或者采集的植物及其产品;
3、在中华人民共和国境内繁殖和饲养的动物及其产品;
4、在中华人民共和国境内狩猎或者捕捞获得的产品;
5、由中华人民共和国船只或者其他工具从海洋获得的海产品和其他产品及其加工制成的产品;
6、在中华人民共和国境内制造、加工过程中回收的废物和废料及在中华人民共和国境内收集的其他废旧物品;
7、在中华人民共和国境内完全用上述产品以及其他非进口原料加工制成的产品。
(二)部分或者全部使用进口原料、零部件,在中华人民共和国境内进行主要的及最后的制造、加工工序,使其外形、性质、形态或者用途产生实质性改变的产品。制造、加工工序清单,按照以制造、加工工序为主,辅以构成比例的原则,由国家对外经济贸易主管部门商国务院有关部门制定、调整。
第七条 申请领取原产地证的出口货物,应当符合原产地标准;不符合原产地标准的,签发机构应当拒绝签发原产地证。
第八条 申请领取和签发原产地证的程序由国家对外经济贸易主管部门规定。
第九条 企业违反本规则,有下列行为之一的,国家对外经济贸易主管部门或者国家对外经济贸易主管部门根据省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外经济贸易主管部门的建议,可以区别情况通报批评、暂停直至取消其申请领取原产地证的资格:
(一)提供虚假材料,骗取原产地证的;
(二)伪造、变造原产地证的;
(三)非法转让原产地证的。
对有前款所列行为的企业的主管人员和直接责任人员,给予行政处分;情节严重,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第十条 签发机构违反规定签发或者拒绝签发原产地证的,国家对外经济贸易主管部门或者国家对外经济贸易主管部门根据省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外经济贸易主管部门的建议,可以区别情况通报批评或者暂停其原产地证签发权。
签发机构工作人员徇私舞弊、滥用职权或者玩忽职守的,给予行政处分;情节严重,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第十一条 普惠制原产地证依照普惠制给惠国原产地规则办理。
中华人民共和国政府与外国政府签订的双边协议对原产地证的签发有特别规定的,依照协议的规定办理。
第十二条 国家对外经济贸易主管部门根据本规则制定实施办法。
第十三条 本规则由国家对外经济贸易主管部门负责解释。
第十四条 本规则自1992年5月1日起施行。

Rules of the People's Republic of China on the Origin of ExportGoods

(Promulgated on March 8, 1992)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
The Rules are formulated in order to strengthen the management of the
origin of export goods and promote the development of foreign economy and
trade.
Article 2
The certificate of origin for export goods (hereinafter referred to
as certificate of origin) of the People's Republic of China is a document
to certify that the relevant export goods are made or produced in the
People's Republic of China.
Article 3
The State Department in charge of foreign economic relations and
trade exercises the unified supervision and management of the origin of
export goods in the whole country.
The foreign economy and trade departments of the people's governments
of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under the direct
administration of the Central Government are responsible for coordinating
the work concerning the origin of export goods in their own administrative
regions.
Article 4
The State Administration for import and export commodities inspection
and its branches in various localities, the China Council for the
Promotion of International Trade and its branches and other organizations
authorized by the State Department in charge of foreign economic relations
and trade are responsible for signing and issuing certificates of origin
according to the regulations formulated by the State Department in charge
of foreign economic relations and trade.
Article 5
Enterprises established according to law within the territory of the
People's Republic of China and enjoying the rights to conduct foreign
trade, enterprises engaging in processing with supplied materials or
samples, and assembling with supplied parts or in compensation trade, and
foreign-funded enterprises may apply for certificates of origin with the
organizations authorized to sign and issue certificates of origin as
specified in Article 4.
Article 6
The origin of export goods is in the People's Republic of China if
the export goods meet one of the following criteria:
(1) Products made or manufactured fully in the People's Republic of
China, including:
1) mineral products extracted from the territory and the continental
shelves of the People's Republic of China;
2) plants and their products harvested or collected within the
territory of the People's Republic of China;
3) animals and their products multiplied or bred within the territory
of the People's Republic of China;
4) products obtained from hunting or fishing within the territory of
the People's Republic of China;
5) the aquatic and other products or their processed products
obtained from the sea by ships or other means of the People's Republic of
China;
6) wastes and waste materials recycled in the course of production
and processing within the territory of the People's Republic of China and
other discarded and waste materials collected within the territory of the
People's Republic of China;
7) products made or processed fully from the above-mentioned products
and other non-import raw materials within the territory of the People's
Republic of China.
(2) Products containing imported materials or spare parts finished or
processed mainly within the territory of the People's Republic of China,
thus making substantial alterations in the appearance, nature, state or
purposes of the imported materials or spare parts. The list of procedures
of manufacture and process shall be formulated and adjusted by the State
Department in charge of foreign economic relations and trade in
consultation with departments concerned of the State Council according to
the principle of taking the manufacturing and processing procedured as the
main body supplemented by the proportion of composition.
Article 7
The export goods for which the certificates of origin are applied and
issued should meet the criteria of the place of origin. Certificate
issuing organ shall refuse to sign and issue certificates of origin to
goods that not meet the required criteria.
Article 8
The procedures for applying for the issuing certificates of origin
shall be worked out by the State Department in charge of foreign economic
relations and trade.
Article 9
The State Department in charge of foreign economic relations and
trade shall, in accordance with the proposals submitted by the departments
in charge of foreign economic relations and trade of the people's
governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and cities under the
direct administration of the Central Government, make out punishments,
including circulated criticism, suspending or even revoking the
certificates of origin to enterprises, which commit one of the following
actions in violation of the provisions of the Rules:
(1) provide fake materials to obtain certificates of origin by
cheating;
(2) forge or alter the certificates of origin; and
(3) illegally assign the certificates of origin.
The person or persons in charge of the enterprise and those directly
responsib le for the afore-said actions shall be given administrative
punishments and if the cases are serious enough to form a crime, the
criminal responsibility shall be affixed.
Article 10
If the certificate signing and issuing organizations sign and issue
or refuse to issue certificates of origin in violation of the provisions
of the Rules, the State Department in charge of foreign economic relations
and trade shall, on its own or according to the proposals of the
departments in charge of foreign economy and trade of the people's
governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and cities under the
direct administration of the Central Government, give them criticism or
suspend their rights to sign and issue certificates of origin.
Personnel of certificate signing and issuing organizations who try to
seek personal gains by resorting to cheating or abusing their power or
committing dereliction of duty shall be given administrative punishments
and if the cases are serious enough to form a crime, the criminal
responsibilities shall be affixed.
Article 11
The issuing of certificate of origin under the generalized
preferential system shall be handled according to the rules of origin of
the countries giving preferential treatment.
If there are special provisions on the issuing of the certificates of
origin in the bilateral agreements signed by the government of the
People's Republic of China with foreign governments, the provisions of the
agreements shall be followed.
Article 12
The State Department in charge of foreign economic relations and
trade shall formulate measures for implementation according to the
provisions of the Rules.
Article 13
The right of interpretation of the Rules rests with the State
Department in charge of foreign economic relations and trade.
Article 14
The Rules shall come into effect from May 1, 1992.


最高人民法院 公安部关于罪犯死亡、逃跑、调动、假释应告知原判法院的通知

最高人民法院 公安部


最高人民法院 公安部关于罪犯死亡、逃跑、调动、假释应告知原判法院的通知

1963年3月14日,最高人民法院、公安部


各省、市、自治区高级人民法院、公安厅、局:
最近接到一些县人民法院的来信反映:在清理复查案件中,有的案件需要改判或平反,但因找不到犯人下落,不能及时处理;有的案件,原判法院重新做了裁定,但裁定书送交劳改单位执行时,发现犯人早已死亡或逃跑,或者经当地人民法院裁定释放,致使原判法院往复查寻,在人力财力上造成浪费。同时,有的劳改单位提出,为了全面掌握罪犯的情况,以利加强改造,要求法院把罪犯的结案材料抄给劳改单位。为此,特作如下通知:
(一)监狱、劳改队应当对现押犯人进行一次清查,凡是因为调动或其他原因,原判法院已不知道犯人所在改造机关的,应将犯人姓名和改造机关地址,通知原判法院。今后新收押犯人或犯人调动,由收押劳改单位负责及时通知原判法院。
(二)监狱、劳改队对犯人减刑、假释,依照规定报请法院裁定后,监狱、劳改队应当及时将裁定结果通知原判法院。犯人死亡必须及时通知原判法院和死者家属;犯人逃跑已满两个月还没有缉捕归案的,必须通知原判法院,缉捕归案后也要通知原判法院知道;1962年以来没有通知的,要一律补办。
(三)今后凡是依法判刑投入劳改的罪犯,原判法院除应附送判决书、执行书各两份外,应填写罪犯结案登记表一份给收押单位,以利于对罪犯进行悔罪教育(罪犯结案登记表式样附后)。
罪犯结案登记表式样——略。



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